Energy-from-Waste (Ef W) with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Saudi Arabia

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies, such as direct air capture (DAC) and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), are essential for Saudi Arabia to achieve net zero by 2060. It is estimated that approximately 250–371 Mt/y of CDR will be needed by 2060 (Kamboj et al. 2023; Durand-Lasserve 2023). Therefore, by 2040, the annual carbon dioxide removal rate should be in the range of 83–124 Mt/y. Although DAC is considered the key CDR option for Saudi Arabia, energy-from-waste (EfW) with CCS (referred to in this paper as EfW BECCS) can also play an important role.